The Hidden Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hidden Curriculum - Essay Example The Hidden educational program will cover with different sorts of educational program, be that as it may, that will be the essential focal point of this paper. (Shrouded Curriculum of Online Learning 2000) cites Foshay and depicts this as the extraordinary part of learning: the experience of amazing quality, or the feeling of one's self as a major aspect of an incomprehensibly bigger entirety. The subjects recorded in an expressed educational program are not really what understudies realize in the study hall. What is intended to be instructed and what is really realized are ordinarily two unique things. This is classified the shrouded educational plan. school with the expressed educational program or the subjects they considered. This educational plan is open and the frequently the subject of warmed discussion. In spite of the fact that it isn't freely expressed and infrequently discussed, schools additionally have a concealed educational program. This concealed educational program is made out of the fundamental mentalities and capacities esteemed by society. At the point when society changes, both the educational program and the concealed educational plan of schools additionally change. In view of changes fashioned by data innovation, society is presently in the center of a change in perspective from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. This change in outlook has direct ramifications for both the educational program and the shrouded educational plan of schools. ... In the Industrial Age, the educational program was made out of the three Rs (i.e., perusing, 'riting, and 'rithmetic) and the different center subjects (English, science, math, social examinations, expressive arts, physical training, etc). Schools in the twentieth century likewise had a concealed educational plan which showed the qualities that twentieth century industry wanted the workforce to have - mentalities and capacities like trainability, acquiescence, The Hidden Curriculum 4 promptness, constancy, and dependability. These are the attributes that mechanical industrial facilities were searching for in alumni of twentieth century schools and these qualities regularly decided a person's achievement in both the school and the work environment. Back in long periods of old the essential educational plan comprised of perusing, composing, and number-crunching. Presently in the year 2006 you can include PC education, Internet sagacious, and information on numerous specialized gadgets. The unhidden educational program is the subjects and classes that are recorded in the school prospectus, or timetable. The training instructors want or move of information to their understudies. It is generally the subjects that guardians and understudies expect or accept will be their essential core interest. In this century the vast majority of what is viewed as the shrouded educational plan spins around understudy personal conduct standards, every day schedules, and the different showing techniques or desires for the individual instructor. With or without expectations, an instructor can turn out to be increasingly similar to a despot and controlling rather than a decent good example who educates. Today the way toward learning isn't normally one where the The Hidden Curriculum 5 educator administers or regulates yet the understudies and teacher work cooperatively in the instruction

Harrison William Henry essays

Harrison William Henry expositions William Henry Harrison was conceived on February 9, 1773 at his dads family manor called Berkeley situated on the James River around 20 miles south of Richmond in Charles City County, Va. His dad, Benjamin Harrison, was an endorser of the Declaration of Independence and later the legislative head of Virginia somewhere in the range of 1781 and 1784 and the youthful Harrison constantly viewed himself as an offspring of the Revolution. His mom, Elizabeth Bassett Harrison, was an individual from the first Families of Virginia. William was secretly coached and aced sentence structure and works of art sufficiently adequate to meet the passageway necessities of Hampden-Sydney College in 1787 at 14 years old. He considered the works of art and history and despite the fact that he never completed, he broadcasted capability in beauties lettres data and especially ever. In 1790 and 1791 he quickly examined medication in Richmond and Philadelphia however after his dad kicked the bucket in 1791, he changed premiums to a military profession. He acquired a commission as ensign in the First Regiment of Infantry of the Regular Army. In Aug. 16, 1791, Harrison figured out how to convince an organization of 80 men to hazard their lives for $2 per month and go along with him to battle Indians on the northwestern outskirts. Harrison, at that point 18 years old, left Philadelphia in September 1791 and walked his men over the Allegheny Mountains to Fort Pitt (present day Pittsburgh). Here he and his men boarded vessels and h eaded down the Ohio River to Fort Washington (present day Cincinnati). The youthful warrior became confidant to General Distraught Anthony Wayne and battled against the Northwest Indian Confederation in a crusade that finished effectively at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on Aug. 20, 1794 where Harrison was refered to for valiance. The fight brought about opening the majority of the Ohio territory to settlement. Harrison rose to the position of skipper before leaving the military on May 31, 1798. ... <!

Suicide Risk Among Alcoholics Increases With Age

Suicide Risk Among Alcoholics Increases With Age Depression Suicide Print Alcoholics Suicide Risk Increases With Age By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 26, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 D-Keine / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the  National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  at  1-800-273-8255  for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Drinking alcohol has been linked to a number of suicides and suicidal attempts. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, a diagnosis of alcohol misuse or dependence is associated with a suicide risk that is 10 times greater than those in the general population.?? Of those medically treated after a suicide attempt, alcohol use disorders were found to be a significant factor, with acute alcohol intoxication present in about 30% to 40% of cases.?? Now there is evidence that suicide risk among alcoholics increases as they become older as well. People with alcohol use disorder who are middle-aged and older are at a significantly higher risk for suicide compared to their younger counterparts. This could prove to be a significant factor for baby boomers, many of whom have substance use problems, as they begin to reach retirement age. Rates and Statistics for Suicide in the United States Increased Risk of Suicide The statistics are the result of a study published in  Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.??  Lead author Kenneth R. Conner, assistant professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center, notes that This was the first study of a sample of adults across the age spectrum that explicitly focused on factors that increase the risk for suicide and medically serious suicide attempts associated with ?alcohol dependence. For the purposes of the study, a medically serious suicide attempt was defined as one that required hospital admission for up to 24 hours. It also needed to meet one other criterion that described the type of treatment received. Data were gathered from medically serious attempters because they are a subgroup of suicide attempters who engaged in the especially dangerous behavior, suggesting a high intent to die, said Conner. Even if not successful the first time, he notes that the risk of dying in subsequent attempts is higher. Suicide Risk Factors and Warning Signs Age-Related Patterns In general, adolescents and young adults are at the highest risk for attempted suicides throughout the world. Yet, most of these attempts do not result in death. In contrast, though the attempts may be less frequent, men over age 65 are at the greatest risk for completed suicide. To researchers, this reinforced the idea that there are different patterns related to age and suicide. This finding was backed up by a later 2017 study that found an increase in suicide attempts in older people who did and did not have substance use problems.?? Among the concerns is the fact that the compounding life experiences of older alcoholics are not the same as their younger counterparts. Placing all ages into one group is not an accurate way to gauge the suicide risks of either alcoholics or non-alcoholics. Medically Serious Suicide Attempts The Rochester researchers examined data gathered by Annette L. Beautrais and colleagues for the Canterbury Suicide Project. This is a case-control study of suicides, medically serious suicide attempts, and randomly selected comparison subjects from the Canterbury region of New Zealand. All subjects in the study were 18 years of age or older: 193 (149 males, 44 females) had died by committing suicide; 240 (114 males, 126 females) had made a medically serious suicide attempt; and 984 (476 males, 508 females) were controls. Researchers compared demographic and diagnostic variables. Increased Vulnerability of Older Adults The results found that there is indeed a link between alcohol dependence and suicide becomes amplified with age.?? Increased age also amplified the association between mood disorders and suicide. Overall, researchers in this field continue to look at the associations between age, alcohol use disorder, and suicide. In addition to these factors, many experts note that mood disorders like depression must also be accounted for as they can also make older adults more vulnerable. It is believed that older adults with alcohol use disorder are at a higher risk of suicide because of the emotional and physical tolls their addictions take over the years. The results of these studies serve as a warning that anyone dealing with alcoholismâ€"their own or that of a loved oneâ€"should be aware of the warning signs of suicidal ideation and be prepared to get help. How You Can Help Prevent Suicide

Communism Is Still Considered A Hard Topic To Publicly

Communism is still considered a hard topic to publicly address because for a large majority of Americans, you were taught to fear and hate anything that was associated with the â€Å"Red Scare†. From the beginning, Communism has had an issue being adapted widespread because of people’s refusal to forfeit their rights to attain certainty and security. Whereas Democracy and Capitalism have thrived because people want more, they want the opportunity to make something of themselves even if that means they may fail entirely. These points exemplify what Communism is, where it is, how it works, and why there is a better way to govern a country. What if I said that Communism was the perfect form of government and economic platform? Well I would be†¦show more content†¦This mentality implemented by the government ensures maximum efficiency and coordination amongst all aspects of the economy. Communist government is set up in a top down construction with a leader, vice-leader, central committee, standing committee, local leaders, etc. It is set up in a way that a single party rules, thus making it easier on the current leader to effectively operate and impose their form of ruling. Also by eliminating a multiple party system, this omits opposing viewpoints and competition for spots within government. The central and standing committee are the main source of political power within the government. The leader of a communist country more of a figure head than an actual political leader. While many people within the state may look up to their leader, most if not all the actual leading is done through both committees. The le ader is appointed by the central and standing committee that they see carries the values of the people, is perceived as powerful and stable, and maintains an image that the government and the people wish to project. In a Communist state, the focus is on efficiency and a focus point of that is on the people within that state because a government is only as good as the people they govern. By providing the all necessities that people to live and no wage or some necessities and a small wage, this takes a lot of stress and fear off the peopleShow MoreRelatedGovernment Corruption : Exposing The Truth2940 Words   |  12 Pagesmajority of people in the world. Since corruption is commonplace and is usually disguised to a great extent, the general understanding of this topic needs to be increased throughout the world. Social media made available by technological advances have allowed outlets such as twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Tumblr, Pinterest, Yik Yak, YouTube, and not necessarily consider ed social media perhaps but a major role in media’s drive towards lowering corruption would be blogging to educate the everyday citizen andRead MoreNew Technology from 1945s to 20002151 Words   |  9 PagesAugust 1945, a uranium fission bomb code-named â€Å"Little Boy† detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on 9 August 1945, another bomb was exploded over Nagasaki, Japan and the bomb was named Fat Man.† The nuclear bomb was considered the most dangerous bomb in the world at that time and present because the devastation that occurred in Japan was irreparable it killed over 200,000 people and devastated the land because of radiations of the nuclear bomb. The use of nuclear bombRead MoreShostakovich3111 Words   |  13 PagesDmitri Shostakovich: A Musical Representation of Communist Russia In the musical world, no one is as controversial as Dmitri Shostakovich. Although he died not 30 years ago, many aspects of his life still remain to be a great mystery. When he was alive, many in the world believed he was a Communist and a devoted servant of Stalin. It was not until after his death that the truth had come out. Or had the truth been there all along? Many believe that this was because his music expressed a lot ofRead MoreChapter Notes On Ancient Civilizations4929 Words   |  20 Pagesthe 18th century, John Peter Zenger is accused of speaking against the English government and is imprisoned. His attorney, Andrew Hamilton, attempts to defend Zenger’s case by saying that what Zenger printed was the truth. Although the truth was considered treason, Hamilton convinces the jury to speak against the words of the judges. He convinces the jury that the case of Zenger affected them all and their freedom of speech. From then on, truth was allowed as a defense for speaki ng out against theRead MoreLyndon B. Johnson and Vietnam War Era Essay3125 Words   |  13 Pagescollege campuses throughout the world, but especially on American campuses, antiwar protests were routine. Hippies often were thought to conduct themselves on the premises of antiwar, free sex, and lots of drugs. The music that emerged from this era is still famously current and listened to today. It was an era of convertibles, gas guzzlers, freedom, and endless summers. Then that generation grew into adults–(your parents and grandparents). Writing with sensitivity to the nuances of the era, what happenedRead MoreMedia Propaganda9887 Words   |  40 Pagesto spread propaganda and how to apply it in  warfare. His student  Chandragupta Maurya  (c. 340 - 293 BC), founder of the Maurya Empire, employed these methods during his rise to power.[17]  The writings of  Romans  such as  Livy  (c. 59 BC - 17 AD) are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman propaganda.[citation n eeded]  Another example of early propaganda would be the 12th century work The, written by the  Dà ¡l gCais  to portray themselves as legitimate rulers of Ireland. [pic] [pic] â€Å"HIC OSCULA PEDIBUS PAPAERead MoreEssay on The Glory and The Dream9497 Words   |  38 Pagesbecause it was cheap entertainment, in which people could listen to whenever they were. Advertising flourished too because they would act as the Depression was nonexistent and have huge boards with items â€Å"for sale† which people, although poor, would still buy. 2. How did Samuel Insull exemplify the uneven distribution of wealth that in part led to the Great Depression? a. Insull’s utility empire was worth 3 billion while others had nothing. â€Å"1% of the population owned 59% of the nation’s wealth.†Read MoreEssay on The Violation of Human Rights in Cuba2759 Words   |  12 Pagespeople, Cuba was radically transformed into a self styled Marxist-Leninist machinery of repression. Castros priorities remain unchanged: maintaining unchallenged power, a sense of historical self-importance, and extreme Cuban nationalism. When Castor publicly declared Cuba a Communist country, democracy was abolished and so was the freedom of expression, opinion, press, association, and assembly. In the Cuban media, theres only one acceptable point of view, that of Castro’s regime. An official journalistRead MoreBerlin Wall6826 Words   |  28 Pages1946, modeled after the Soviet Communist Party. East Germans who joined started going to weekly meetings, for many years they had been told that the Germans were the rightful leaders of the world. Now they were being told that the international communism led by the Soviet Union would take its rightful place. In the Western zone political parties were being formed and elections were being held for local governments and state legislature. Land and industry remained in private hands. Germany wasRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesLangston and James (Jim) Nathaniel Hughes. Carrie, self-indulgent and easygoing, was an impulsive spendthrift, while Jim, intense and miserly, focused his energies on schemes to raise his status in the world. Extremely intelligent, Jim was willing to work hard and save his money to achieve his goals. He had claimed a 160-acre homestead, which he farmed. In addition, he taught school and worked as a law clerk. His ultimate goal was to take the bar exam and practice law. When he learned blacks were not eligible

Decolonization of Africa Essay Example

Essays on Decolonization of Africa Essay The paper "Decolonization of Africa" is a delightful example of an essay on history. At the Berlin conference 1884-1885, the Europeans divided the African soil into various partitions with the exception of some areas including Ethiopia and Liberia. As a result of colonization, Africa suffered a lot in terms of its natural resources as well as economic and cultural disparities.   A number of factors led to the colonization of Africa and made it easier for Europeans to take hold of the African lands. After the end of World War II, it was difficult for the European powers to control their colonies. The Africans started a freedom movement and they wanted to free themselves from European control. Another major factor was the shortage of a number of minerals as well as rubber due to conquests in the Far East. As a result, Africa was forced to compensate for this shortage and this proved to be an advantage for the country. This gave a boost to the industries in Africa and resulted in the creation of new towns and communities. The urban community also grew and there was an increase in the number of trade unions. Most importantly, however, it resulted in higher literacy rates in Africa. In 1941, a discussion on the post-world war resulted in the Atlantic Charter which gave autonomy to colonies. After the war, the African states were given little importance and status and by 1930, there was a struggle of independence by some self-determined, educated leaders including Kenyatta, Nkrumah, Senghor, etc. The ideology of Pan-Africanism was also promoted which involved the unity and support of all Africans as they not only shared a common history but also a common destiny.

Mars Company Plc Analysis Description Free Essays

Mars company PLC Analysis Description Top of Form Aleksander Terzijew, you are signed in. |My Account Options | My Job Basket (0 items)|Sign Out * Job Search * My Jobpage Applying for: European Finance Development Programme 2011 (Job Number: UNI00330) Loading†¦ Step 5 out of 5|Print/E-mail | Beginning of the main content section. SummaryThis summary displays the information included in the job submission form. We will write a custom essay sample on Mars Company Plc Analysis Description or any similar topic only for you Order Now To modify some specific information, click â€Å"Edit† next to the relevant section. EditPersonal InformationAleksander Terzijew62 Blandford RoadManchester, M6 6BEPoland—Kujawsko-Pomorskie—Bydgoszczalex796@gmail. om Home Phone Number| 07865963872| Mobile phone number| | Work Phone Number| | You can ask for your profile to be deleted, at any time by logging into the system and changing this box to DELETE MY PROFILE. If you choose to delete your profile, this will then disqualify you from any current roles that you have applied for. | Do NOT delete my profile| Source Tracking Source Type| . Career Fair| Source| Manchester University| Education Institution| University of Salford| Programme| BUSINESS| Education Level| Bachelor’s Degree| Average grade| | out of| | Start Date| -Jan-2007| Graduation Date| -Jan-2010| Institution| University of Salford| Programme| | Education Level| | Average grade| | out of| | Start Date| -Jan-2006| Graduation Date| -Jan-2007| Work Experience Current Job| No| Employer| Sage-COS| Position Title| Accountant| Start Date| -Sep-2009| End Date| -Oct-2010| Achievements| 16. 09. 2009 – 21. 10. 2010 Sage – COS Bookkeeping ; Consultancy Ltd gained a general Book – Keeping qualification on – screen simulations using Sage 50 Accounts software learned the principles of both manual ; software – based bookkeeping acquired a grounding in bookkeeping , accounting , payroll ; financial management | Current Job| No| Employer| Smart City Futures| Position Title| | Start Date| -Jul-2009| End Date| | Achievements| 23. 07. 2009 Smart City Futures new conversations that tap into the unrealised potential of open innovation ; effective collaboration between Universities , Industry ; Government shared knowledge , experience , challenges ; failures ; explored collaborative solutions on Smart City Futures challenged traditional conference dynamics ; experiment with new formats more in tune with the connected world took an active part in non – hierarchical dialogue ; collaborative ideas generation | Current Job| No| Employer| Applied Language Solutions| Position Title| Freelance Interpreter| Start Date| -Jan-2009| End Date| -Nov-2010| Achievements| 06. 2009 – 2009 Freelance Interpreter – Applied Language Solutions interpreted within a variety of face to face ( on site ) settings , mainly between Public Service ; Private assignments ensured that the translations delivered are as accurate as possible assured that can handle all professional translation ; interpreting needs ensured that at every point in the translation process , quality checks are built in | EditCover Letter Plain Text Cover Letter| | Attachments Relevant Files| File Name| Date| Comments| Yes| Cover Letter. docx| 30/Nov/10| | Yes| Alex CV. docx| 30/Nov/10| This file includes a curriculum vitae from which basic candidate information has been extracted. | | | | | EditQuestionnaire Please indicate your current location. (Address details and post code, we will use this when deciding on your assessment centre location). | 62 Blandford Road Manchester M6 6BE| Do you have a valid driving licence for the country to which you are applying? | Yes| If you answered No to the above question, please can you provide us with more detail. I don’t have a current driving licence because:| N/A| Which of the following degrees do you currently hold or are expecting to achieve? | 2:1 or above| If you have indicated a non UK degree or equivalent, please enter the details below (what exams? where were they sat? what was your grade? what is the grade scale? eg German Arbitur 1 – 4)| N/A| What level of UCAS points (excluding any gained through General Studies) do you have? | More than or equal to 300 points| Please use the space below to explain how you acheived your UCAS points or equivalents (what exams? here were they sat? what was your grade? what is the grade scale? eg German Arbitur 1 – 4, A-level Maths – A grade / 120 points )| Matura: English – 75% Mathematics – 80% Geography – 66% Cultural Studies – Very Good Business – Very Good Computer Science – Very Good Civil Defence – Good Social Science – Good| We require trainees to be flexible to relocate anywhere in the UK whilst completing their graduate programme. Are you prepared to do this? | Yes| Whilst at university , what has been the highest level of your involvment with clubs, societies or teams? Leader, president or team captain| Describe a time when you worked under pressure to complete a project or task. (Character limit 1500 inc. spaces) What made the situation challenging? How did you approach that challenges? What actions did you take to complete your project or task? | I was introduced to the analytical and financial techniques that are commonly used by commercial accountants and fund managers when planning financial strategy and portfolio investment. The project was given to submit within a week time. The challenging situation was the word count of 5000. I am not the guy who can type stories, I get the facts I try to make that short and clear. However this project needed to be done the way that teacher wanted. I am always motivated to achieve high results and I am always ready to work hard. I decided not to waste any time so I have took the necessary books and start writing the very first day. I have successfully completed the project with 76%. In thanks to this task I have sharpened focus on business operations and functional areas. I developed a wide range of personal skills vital to any business and management career. I have learned how to make extensive use of the time frame by planning everything in advance. | Outline an occasion where you found it difficult to establish an effective working relationship with a colleague. (Character limit 1500 inc. spaces) How did you build the relationship? What challenges did you face? How did your manage those challenges? What did you learn from the experience? | The most difficult time to establish an effective working relationship with my colleague happened ding my first year at the university. It was a group of five members with different backgrounds. I build the relationship by becoming their friend. It was not easy because each one of them was completely different. However they had one thing in common always ready to party. I already knew that it will be difficult to submit the project on time. However step by step I have became one of them by making a small party with all of the team members. Then I have introduced my plan how to deliver the project on time and achieve high mark. They trusted me and understood that it is crucial to work as a group not as an individual. I learned that sometimes you have to think outside the box and be creative to achieve an effective targets. Describe a time when you had to work hard to influence a group or a variety of individuals to deliver a project or achieve a critical objective. (Character limit 1500 inc. spaces) How did you influence the group? What was the most challenging thing about influencing them? How did you know you adopted the right approach? | At Salford University we had to work in groups of five or six people. Then select bank ing industry and establish what is the product range. Determine how those products are promoted to consumers. Finally Compare the practices against the theory in the context of the chosen organisation. To influence the group effectively I had crate some database about my group members (nationality, age, hobby etc. ) To influence them they need to feel that I am one of them, which I did before choosing the team leader. The next day I was elected to be a team leader therefore I had many responsibilities. I have organised everybody by giving them specific targets to achieve. I was confirming that all of the members look through interim reports, which were spread through the group. Then I had to make sure that the group is functioning well and the bonding between the members is helping the group feel more comfortable with each other. The crucial and the most challenging thing about influencing them it was monitoring and creating positive image of the well going project even if there were some difficulties. I had to show that I am controlling everything and never panic, no matter what was happening. When the team understood that I can handle all of the issue by being calm and giving an appropriate feedback, I was fully trusted and the team members quickly adopted my approach. | | Powered by Bottom of Form Footer Menu * Legal * Site owner * Trademarks * Privacy * Site map *  © 2008 Mars, Incorporated and its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. How to cite Mars Company Plc Analysis Description, Essays

Sabena Airlines free essay sample

The company Sabena was the Belgian air carrier and one of the oldest in the world. It played it most crucial role in the development of Belgium’s colonial ties to Africa The airline was an important component of Belgium’s national sovereignty. The dependence on African routes resulted in long run problems after the colonies achieved independence Even losing money, the Belgium government continued to support it due to historical and employment importance. Sabena functioned more like a public authority staffed by civil servants than a competitive airline Inefficiency, low quality and political issues. Rigid compensation rules (no incentives to increase in productivity or performance), powerful unions, lack of competence at the supervisory level, poor communication between management and workers. Access to Zaventem Airport was a valuable asset strategic location near the center of Western Europe ideal hub location. The company wasn’t in a good situation in 1990 Unfavorable conditions of the global airline industry and lack of leadership due to the former CEO coma. We will write a custom essay sample on Sabena Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Increasing debt and decreasing equity company was near bankruptcy. Context Airline operations were based on high fixed costs. The unification of Europe could lead to a rise in predatory practices n the part of dominant carriers (free borders and reduced regulatory environment) and to industry consolidation (US example). Governments were no longer willing or able to prop up unprofitable operations. Creation of alliances between airlines. The capacity of European airports would be seriously restricted between 1995 and 2000 and governments didn’t have the money to invest. Persian Gulf Crisis led to an increase in oil prices and to decrease in passenger travel due to concern about unstable conditions. The predominant strategy in the airline industry was to focus on low cost. November 1990 The Belgian government announced that Pierre Godfroid would be the new head of Sabena. Godfroid had no experience in the airline business, but was recognized as a highly competent turnaround manager. His task was to help with the transformation of Sabena from public to private enterprise. He believed that business success was the result of competent leadership and â€Å"good people†. Godfroid had to prepare a business plan in two months defining how he would raise new capital and reorganize the airline. â€Å"A New Take-Off for Sabena† 1. Aggressively pursue of profitability: Focus on the company’s core business of air travel, rationalization of routes, reduction of working force and cost cutting. 2. Establishment of a new capital base: Final infusion of government funding to stabilize the financial condition and issuance of a stock offering to attract private capital. 3. Attraction of an alliance partner: Complete negotiations with British Airways and/or KLM. Interest the future partner in the creation of a European hub at Zaventem airport. Within a year, Godfroid replaced two thirds of the original senior executives (including Luc Cloetens, Vice President of Catering Services). As Sabena’s cost structure was clearly uncompetitive, the immediate solution was to differentiate its services to justify higher prices Quality of customer service and punctuality. Sabena Catering Services (SNCS) SNCS was extremely important for the new plan. It was responsible for supplying aircraft with fresh food and supplies, as well as pilot’s maps, cabin documents and other regulatory forms. Sold its services to other airlines whose flights originated in Zaventem airport = 30% of the work. Employees worked in one of two main 8h15min shifts and the operation ran 7 days/week. A small third shift from 11pm to 5 am handled returning materials from late nights and prepared breakfasts for early morning take-offs. SNCS workers were represented by three politically based labor unions. Union discontent was a significant feature of Sabena’s culture. Frequent strikes and labor-management distrust. Workers within the catering division were the most militant and outspoken of all Sabena employees average of 1 strike per month. Strikes originating in other divisions of the company tended to affect operations at SNCS as well, particularly if they interfered with access to flight operations. ERIK WEYTJENS Completed his MBA at INSEAD and was hired by Cloetens to work at SNCS (production department). Master degree in Mechanical Engineering. Had previously worked as a consultant with McKinsey Company. After the MBA, followed McKinsey’s advice to acquire line management experience before returning to the company. Problem Weytjens has to solve a major logistics problem in the dishwashing department. Delays in cleaning carts were caused when machines used to wash dishes broke down breakdowns were happening frequently. Bad relations between dishwashing department and maintenance crew the problem was caused by slow and unreliable repairs or by improperly preparation of the trays before placing them in the machines? Criteria Time spent to put operations back on schedule. Risk of strike after decision. Potential change in employees’ behavior. Alternatives Define on his own specific procedures for the dishwashing department (how to specifically prepare the rays) and for the maintenance crew. Convene a meeting with both departments to identify the existing bottlenecks and reach the best decision together. Analysis The key problem is the lack of mutual understanding and trust among employees It is more a â€Å"people† problem than a technical one. It derives from the previous problems of the company: poor communication between management and employees and nonexistence of incentives for efficiency No one sees the problem as â€Å"his /her problem† because no one feels responsible for the company nor takes pride in the outcome of his/her work. There is the company a lack of management credibility a top-down decision may lead employees to start a strike. On the other side, a â€Å"democratic† process would take more time. Weytjens has to act in order to support the company’s overall strategy (quality of customer service and punctuality), but also to foster initiative and accountability among those doing the job. His main goal is to get the department back on schedule, but he needs to think in long term so as to avoid future similar problems. Decision The best alternative would be to convene a meeting with both departments to discuss the problem and reach a common solution. Action Plan 1. Set a date and time for the meeting. 2. Ask for both departments to think in advance about ways they could improve the process (not about ways the other department could improve). 3. Act as a mediator for the meeting, making sure that the two sides talk to each other and understand the others point of view, but not allowing emotions to take over. 4. Show employees how this problem is interfering in the company’s strategy and how it could affect them in the long term. 5. Request a commitment from both departments to implement the solution reached. 6. Show appreciation to employees and monitor â€Å"from a distance† the execution of the solution. 7. Implement an â€Å"open door† policy to foster an environment of collaboration, high performance and mutual respect.